Salt, Ice and the Coldest Mixture

Note to Teachers: This lab is an inquiry-based lab. The idea is for students to come up with their own procedure. They must decide what will be held constant, what will be varied, and how to make their measurements. The notion is to have students learn science by doing science the way scientists do it. Students may either write narrative answers to the questions as posed in the objective section (complete with graphs) or write a full lab report. I expect that it will require anywhere from 1 to 3 full hours of classroom time, depending on the level of complexity you require from the students. Students may extend their investigations at home in order to get a better grade. If you try it, please get in touch (my email address is on the home page) and let me know how it worked for you.

Here are some notes that I use when I introduce the lab to students. A visual aid that I find useful for this discussion can be found at General Chemistry Online by Fred Senese. They can be printed out from this page.

Water-Solution.Ice.Equilibrium (9K)

Objective

Old-time ice-cream makers used a mixture of rock salt and ice to freeze the ice-cream. The mixture got colder than the usual freezing point of water: 0°C. A seemingly opposite effect is the fact that salt is spread on the roads in winter to melt it. In this lab you will explore these phenomena and record data and observations about it. Your task is to explore three questions:

Salt.vs.Temp
Sample Graph for Objective 3
  1. Does a given amount of ice melt faster in plain water or salt water? Does ice melt faster/slower if there is more salt in the water? Keep the amount of water and ice constant while changing the amount of salt. Make a graph of time to melt vs. salt added: zero salt added would be the plain water (put salt added on the x-axis).
  2. How does the temperature of a salt solution (or plain water) change as a function of time when ice melts in it? Can this information be used to explain the behavior observed in objective 1? Use a constant amount of ice and water and vary the amount of salt added. Record temperature at regular time intervals while collecting the total time to melt data for objective 1. Plot a graph of Temperature vs. Time (put time on the x-axis) for each different amount of salt.
  3. What is the coldest temperature you can get with a mixture of salt and ice? Hold the amount of ice constant, add no water and measure the amounts of salt you add in different trials. This experiment benefits especially from the use of styrofoam cups. It will help you to answer this question if you make a graph of the amount of salt added vs. the temperature.

Materials


Background

You will explore what happens in ice-salt mixtures at an everyday scale. But chemistry is the science in which people learn how to understand what the atoms and molecules are doing. Everything you can see, touch, taste, or smell is made of atoms and molecules. Knowing how they act at their own unimaginably small scale makes it possible to explain why things work the way they do.

Ice gets colder when you put salt on it. Ice also melts when you put salt on it. Why this should be seems like a mystery until you look at what is going on at the molecular level. Taking the second mystery first, ice melts when you put salt on it because it is melting faster than it is re-freezing. At 0°C the water molecules near the surface of the ice are turning into liquid at the same rate that they are turning into solid. When you added salt, or anything else that will dissolve in water, there are fewer molecules of liquid water hitting the surface of the solid ice because the dissolved salt ions get in the way. This makes it so that fewer liquid molecules stick and become part of the solid. In other words, the freezing rate slows down. Meanwhile, the rate of melting doesn’t change at all. So with salt dissolved in the water it freezes more slowly than it melts: so ice melts when you put salt on it.

But the mystery of why it gets colder remains. Ice gets colder when you put salt on it because as it begins to melt faster (see above) it requires energy to melt it. If nothing else can provide the energy the water and ice get colder. Ice needs energy to melt it because the molecules are bound together with chemical bonds. Energy is required to break chemical bonds and energy can be in the form of heat. When heat is taken away from something it gets colder. So, the ice gets colder when you put salt on it.

The fact that salt makes the ice get colder makes it difficult to measure how much it makes ice melt faster. The getting colder makes the ice melt more slowly. So the two effects work against each other and make an interesting thing to investigate.

Note: the online version of this lab has a more detailed explanation including illustrations.



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Procedure

The procedure for this lab is mostly up to you. For each objective you must design and carry out experiments to answer the objective question(s). Keep the following in mind as you plan your work:


The lab is broken up into sections on the following pages. Complete each section and check in with your teacher to get his/her initials.


Tips and Pointers

Here are a few things you need to know how to do in order to be successful.




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Grading

No formal lab report is required.

Each group is responsible for writing a brief report (separate from your lab handout) with three parts:

Part I A one-paragraph procedure for each of the three sections. Each paragraph should completely describe all steps required to replicate your work! This means that it may be a long paragraph.

Part II A neat data table and all graphs for each objective.

Part III Write a second paragraph for each question which answers the objective question using your experimental data and observations. Answer each objective question as definitively as you can and use your lab data to support your conclusions. You will be graded on how well your conclusions are supported by your data.

In your answer to each question include:

Scientific explanations require that you refer to your observations as collected during class. Scientific information is best when it can be made quantitative: length, volume, time, etc. Report these data as part of your observations and use them to support your explanations.

You will be graded on the quality of your writing, the professionalism of your work’s appearance, the design and execution of your experiments and the degree of your understanding of the underlying science.

This report must be completed during class by the last day of classes.

In addition to the brief report described above you will be graded on your participation. Participation will count for 25% of the grade for this lab. See below for details:

Group Participation: 25%

The teacher will observe your group during the lab and will classify your individual participation as follows:




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Objectives One and Two

Time to Melt

Use somewhere between 30 g and 50 g of ice for this experiment. Use from 100 mL of water to 200 mL of water. Keep the temperature of the water at the start of any experiment for this objective the same. Stir gently, minimally and consistently from trial to trial. In your data table record the amount of salt added to the water (0 g, 2 g, 5 g, etc.), the starting temperature of the water (20°C or lower), the temperature at regular intervals (say, every 15 s), and the amount of time it took for all of the ice to melt. The maximum amount of salt that will likely easily dissolve is about 3% by mass. In 100 mL this is 3 g and in 200 mL this is 6 g.

Be prepared to repeat trials! For example, try letting the ice melt in plain fresh water 2 or 3 times to be sure you are getting consistent results. Do multiple trials for at least two different amounts of salt. Repeating trials allows you to get an idea of how precise your methods are. Averaging the results of multiple trials can compensate for random errors that can increase or decrease individual results.


Write down what you are holding constant in the space below. Specify amounts.





Write down the steps of your experiment below and show them to your teacher before proceeding.









Check-in ______

Create a data table in the space below. Beneath your data table record your observations and notes about your procedure. If there is still room on this page, create your graph for this objective below as well. If there is not enough room then use a separate sheet of graph paper.



















Check-in ______

When you have completed your work in this section check in with your teacher. This is a required part of the lab and your teacher’s initials are required before you can move on to the next objective. Initials will be given for good data, observations and procedural notes.




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Objective Three

The Coldest Mixture

Use somewhere between 40 g and 50 g of ice for this experiment. A good rule of thumb is to use enough ice to cover the part of the thermometer necessary for it to give a good reading. Use no water! In your data table record the amount of salt added to the ice (0 g, 5 g, 10 g, etc.), and the temperature of the ice when it reaches its coldest point. Be prepared to repeat experiments! For example, try finding the coldest temperature of an ice/salt mixture when you add 5 g of salt several times (to new samples of ice).


Write down what you are holding constant in the space below. Specify amounts.





Write down the steps of your experiment below and show them to your teacher before proceeding.









Check-in ______

Create a data table in the space below. Beneath your data table record your observations and notes about your procedure. If there is still room on this page, create your graph for this objective below as well. If there is not enough room then use a separate sheet of graph paper.























Check-in ______

When you have completed your work in this section check in with your teacher. This is a required part of the lab and your teacher’s initials are required before you can move on to the next objective. Initials will be given for good data, observations and procedural notes.

This page owes much of its inspiration to a question at the General Chemistry Online site by Fred Senese.
Last updated: Jun 10, 2011 Home