Your Name:
Date:
Class:

Lab: Stoichiometry Inquiry

Parts of the text on this lab will not print out. This is by design. The parts that won’t print are notes for teachers. Students don’t need those notes and they are automatically excised from the printout.

Objective

In this lab students will demonstrate how stoichiometry can be applied to a chemical reaction that produces a gas.

Overview

It is well known that when an acid reacts with a compound containing the carbonate ion, carbon dioxide is produced. In the eighteenth century Joseph Black discovered that a gas that was different from air was produced by the action of an acid on magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃, or magnesia alba as he knew it). In modern symbols this reaction is given below:

Other chemicals will react with an acid in the same way. These chemicals are known collectively as carbonates. Here are a few examples of carbonates: caclium carbonate (a.k.a. chalk), sodium carbonate (a.k.a. washing soda), and sodium bicarbonate (a.k.a. baking soda). In this lab you will write and balance an equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. The products will be the same (with the exception of the ionic compound that forms) as for the reaction shown above.

In the chemical equation above the notation (aq) means ‘aqueous’, that is, dissolved in water. The notation (s) means solid and (g) means gas. These notations are included to show that a gas forms in the reaction. A gas will bubble up and out of the reaction mixture and cause it to have a smaller total mass than it did before the reaction.

Stoichiometry is the technique of using the molar ratios in balanced chemical equations to calculate the amount of reactants or products. In this lab you will take a known amount of hydrochloric acid and react it with excess sodium carbonate. By using molar ratios from the balanced chemical equation you will be able to predict the amount of carbon dioxide that will form. Then you will perform the reaction in the lab in such a way as to measure how much carbon dioxide is produced. If all goes well then the numbers should be very close to one another. Specifically, you should find that your measurement is within a half a gram or less of your prediction.

Materials

Safety

• If you choose not to wear safety glasses you are choosing to sit out the lab.
• Solid powdered sodium carbonate is an eye and respiratory tract irritant. It is also slightly toxic by ingestion. Avoid contact and wash hands after handling it. If exposed, remove victim to fresh air. If in eyes, rinse with cold water for up to 15 minutes.
• Sodium carbonate is a strong base when dissolved in water and can cause irritation of the skin. Avoid contact and wash hands after handling it. If in eyes, rinse with cold water as soon as possible.
• Hydrochloric acid solution is corrosive to skin and eyes. If it splashes onto skin or into eyes then rinse continuously with water.
• Hydrochloric acid solution is slightly toxic by ingestion. Call a physician immediately if ingested.
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory.

Procedure

You will work with one partner on your plans. Then you will get together with another pair of students to carry out the reaction and perform the experiment. The data will be gathered together by your teacher so that the class will be able to produce a total of four or five trials total.

In your lab notebook write and balance the chemical equation that describes the reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. Use the equation written in the Overview as a model and be sure you have correct chemical formulas before you balance the equation. Compare your work with your lab partner’s.

The 50 mL of hydrochloric acid solution, if measured very precisely, contains 3.5 g of HCl. In your lab notebook use this information to predict the mass of carbon dioxide that will be produced when this amount of acid reacts. Work with your lab partner to carry out this calculation correctly. Share your result and show your work to your teacher for approval before moving on.

Gather the items in the materials list except the chemicals—get them just before you’re ready to use them. You will have to use appropriate equipment to measure the sodium carbonate and the hydrochloric acid.

Set up the equipment you have to carry out this chemical reaction in such as way as to be able to measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Discuss this with your group and come up with a plan and write it in your lab notebook. Share this written plan with your teacher for approval before carrying out your plan. Here is an important tip: Do not add all of the acid at once or it will bubble over the top of the flask and ruin your experiment.

Carry out your plan and observe the reaction closely. Record your observations in your lab notebook. Be careful to examine the flask carefully both during and after the reaction. Note changes in appearance, mass, temperature and whether or not all of the solid dissolves.

Measure the amount of carbon dioxide produced. Record it in your lab notebook and show work for the calculation that you used to measure the amount of carbon dioxide. Share the result with your teacher so the results can be shared with the rest of the class. When you have the opportunity, obtain the results of the other groups in your class and record them in your lab notebook.

Lab Report

In a Google Doc submitted through Classroom, answer the following questions as an individual. You may not work with a partner to answer the questions and your responses will be graded based on their accuracy.

1. Using proper subscripts and phase of matter notation, type the balanced chemical equation for the reaction you studied in this laboratory activity.
2. In a short paragraph describe the hands-on chemical reaction you observed and how it looked when it was complete.
3. Use the mass of hydrochloric acid given in the procedure to predict the mass of carbon dioxide that should form in your experiment. You did this in class as part of your procedure. Show work for your calculation and report your answer with the correct number of significant figures and units.
4. When you perform the calculation in the previous question, why is it necessary to convert from grams to moles before using the ratio in the chemical equation to calculate the mass of carbon dioxide?
5. Everyone in the class performed the same reaction with the same amount of hydrochloric acid. Ideally, everyone should have the same results. In reality, there was likely some variation. Provide a data table with the mass of carbon dioxide measured in the lab for all of the groups in your class. Calculate an average and a range for the data and include these in the data table.
6. Is the mass you measured close to the expected mass you calculated based on stoichiometry? Compare your calculation (from question 3) to your result (from question 5). Calculate a percent difference between the two: Subtract the calculated value from the measured value. Next, divide the result by the calculated value. Finally, multiply by 100%. If your measured value was smaller, then the percent difference will be negative. If your measured value was bigger, then the percent difference will be positive.
7. You used about 7 grams of sodium carbonate in your lab work. But how much of it actually reacted? Use stoichiometry to calculate the mass of sodium carbonate that was required to react with the 3.50 g of hydrochloric acid. Show work for your calculation.
8. The procedure specified that you use about 7 grams of sodium carbonate. Did all of the sodium carbonate react? What evidence do you have from your own observations? In the previous question you calculated the amount of sodium carbonate needed to react with the hydrochloric acid you used. Was it more or less than 7 grams and what does this tell you about whether all of it reacted?
9. What would have had to have been done differently to make all of the sodium carbonate called for in the procedure to react?
10. Why did the procedure specify an amount of sodium carbonate greater than the amount needed to react with the full amount of the hydrochloric acid?